List of Publications

You can click on the title of any article to download the postscript version of the article.


Journal Publications

  1. B. Benes, V. Tesınsky, J. Hornys, and S. K. Bhatia. Hydraulic Erosion. Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds. 17:2. pp. 99-108. February 2006.

    In this paper, we present a generalized physically-based model to show erosion caused by water flow, using ideas from fluid mechanics. This model uses the solution of Navier-Stokes equations to provide the dynamics of velocity and pressure. These equations form the basis for the model to balance erosion and deposition that determine changes in the layers between water and erosion material. The eroded material is captured and relocated by water according to a material transport equation. The resulting model is fully 3D and is able to simulate a variety of phenomena including river meanders, low hill sediment wash, natural water springs and receding waterfalls. The model shows terrain morphogenesis and can be used for animation as well as static scene generation.

  2. S. Climer and S.K. Bhatia. ``LocalLines: A Linear Time Line Detector.'' Pattern Recognition Letters. 24:14. pp. 2291-2300. October 2003.

    This paper introduces LocalLines -- a robust, high-resolution line detector that operates in linear time. LocalLines tolerates noisy images well and can be optimized for various specialized applications by adjusting the values of configurable parameters, such as mask values and mask size. As described in this paper, the resolution of LocalLines is the maximum that can be justified for pixelized data. Despite this high resolution, LocalLines is of linear asymptotic complexity in terms of number of pixels in an image. This paper also provides a comparison of LocalLines with the prevalent Hough Transform Line Detector.

  3. S. Climer and S.K. Bhatia. ``Image Database Indexing Using JPEG Coefficients.'' Pattern Recognition. 35:11. pp. 2479-2488. November 2002.

    This paper describes an indexing scheme that can perform image database indexing and retrieval without having to uncompress the images. It relies on JPEG compression of images and distribution of luminance values to develop and index and perform retrieval. It also allows for some configurable parameters to be adjusted to increase or decrease the number of images that match a query, and to limit the number of images in the output from a query. The system is tested using an image database from Smithsonian Institute.

  4. S.K. Bhatia and J.S. Deogun. ``Conceptual Clustering in Information Retrieval.'' IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics. 28:3. pp. 427-436. June 1998.

    In this paper, we described techniques to create clusters of documents to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of information retrieval systems. The clusters are created by using knowledge acquisition techniques based on personal construct theory. Our technique minimizes the transfer time from an existing manual clustering scheme in a collection. The technique is also applicable in other areas like routing messages to appropriate destinations.

  5. C.L. Sabharwal and S.K. Bhatia. ``Image Databases and Near-Perfect Hash Table.'' Pattern Recognition. 30:11. pp. 1867-1876. November 1997.

    In this paper, we build on our previous work on the use of perfect hash table in image databases. The technique advanced in this paper moderately affects retrieval performance but allows the database to be dynamically updated through the insertion and deletion of images. The technique is demonstrated with the asymptotic analysis of the new algorithms.

  6. S.K. Bhatia, J.S. Deogun, and V.V. Raghavan. `` Conceptual Query Formulation and Retrieval.'' Journal of Intelligent Information Systems. 5:3. pp. 183-209. November 1995.

    In this paper, we have advanced the use of knowledge acquisition techniques to develop a user profile. The profile can be used to customize the queries in information retrieval systems so that the user gets only those documents that he is looking for (no spurious documents). In addition, the user should get almost all the documents that are relevant to the current search and that exist in the document collection. The system also ranks the documents in the order of relevance to the query.

  7. S. K. Bhatia, V. Lakshminarayanan, A. Samal, and G. V. Welland. ``Human Face Perception in Degraded Images.'' Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation. 6:3. pp. 280-295. September 1995. Part 1, Part 2, Part 3.

    This paper describes the human capabilities to recognize the images of human faces that have been degraded electronically in terms of number of pixels and the number of gray scale levels. It describes the probability of perception of an image as a human face at different levels of degradation. The results have been collected from a large sample (over 200,000 trials) using an image database of over 400 original images, with each image degraded to 144 different images yielding a database of over 57,000 images.

  8. C.L. Sabharwal and S.K. Bhatia. ``Perfect Hash Table Algorithm for Image Databases Using Negative Associated Values.'' Pattern Recognition. 28:7. pp. 1091-1101. July 1995.

    This paper improves on the algorithm to create perfect hash table in image database systems that was reported in an earlier paper. The new algorithm allows for the associated values in the hash table to be negative by intelligently computing the starting point for each value. The paper also presents a detailed mathematical analysis of the algorithm.

  9. S.K. Bhatia and C.L. Sabharwal. ``A Fast Implementation of A Perfect Hash Function for Picture Objects.'' Pattern Recognition. 27:3. pp. 365-376. March 1994.

    This paper advanced a new heuristic algorithm for creating hash tables in image database systems. The hash table is constructed by computing associated values for each picture object in the images contained in the database. The hash table allows for a one-step O(1) retrieval of images that contain a specified pattern. The algorithm is compared with an existing algorithm for creating hash tables using standard data sets from the literature.


Book Chapters

  1. V. Lakshminarayanan, S.K. Bhatia, A. Samal, and G.V. Welland. ``Reaction Times for Recognition of Degraded Facial Images.'' In V. Lakshminarayanan (ed.), Basic and Clinical Applications of Vision Science, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. pp. 287-294. 1997.


Other Refereed Publications (list incomplete)

  1. D. Goswami and S. K. Bhatia. `` RISE: A Robust Image Search Engine.'' Proceedings of 2006 IEEE International Conference on Electro Information Technology, E.~Lansing, MI. May 2006.

  2. S. K. Bhatia. ``Hierarchical Clustering for Image Databases.'' Proceedings of 2005 IEEE International Conference on Electro Information Technology. Lincoln, NE. May 2005.

  3. S. K. Bhatia. ``Adaptive K-Means Clustering.'' FLAIRS 2004: Proceedings of the 17th International FLAIRS Conference. AAAI Press. South Beach, FL. May 2004.

  4. S. K. Bhatia. ``Creating Large Isotropic Textures Using Image Quilting.'' WSCG 2004: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Graphics, Visualization, and Computer Vision. Plzen, Czech Republic. February 2004.

    This paper describes a texture synthesis technique to create a large texture by wrapping around patches of a small texture in a way that the repetition of small texture is not noticeable. The technique is based on selection of small rectangular patches of textures from random areas in an input texture, provide a placement for the sub-textures, and provide a smooth blend across the sub-textures. The algorithm can create large isotropic textures from a given anisotropic texture by using only the desired areas in the synthesized texture.

  5. S. K. Bhatia. ``Creating Isotropic Toroidal Texture Patterns''. Proceedings of the IMAGE 2003 Conference, Scottsdale, AZ. July 2003.

    In this paper, I present a technique to create texture patterns that can seamlessly tile against each other to create larger texture patterns. I describe the algorithm and implementation of a tool to create such texture patterns, called isotropic toroidal texture patterns, from any given image, without human intervention

  6. S.K. Bhatia and G.M. Lacy. ``Infra-Red Sensor Simulation. Proceedings of the Interservice/Industry Training, Simulation and Education Conference, Orlando, FL. November 1999.

    This paper describes technical/mathematical solutions for simulating infra-red sensor effects. We have implemented our simulation using a PC running Windows NT and off-the-shelf image processing hardware and software. In particular, we describe the computation of the dynamic characteristics of the actual sensor package within the constraints of hardware and software environment. These characteristics can include video polarity, gain, contrast enhancement, noise, blurring, AC coupling, sensor defects, as well as video overlays (reticules/test patterns), and are applied in the post-processor phase. This paper describes the research and development into the algorithms needed to support the sensor simulation.

  7. S.K. Bhatia. ``Image Database Indexing Using JPEG Coefficients.'' In D.D. Dankel (ed.), FLAIRS-97: Proceedings of the Tenth International Florida Artificial Intelligence Research Symposium, Daytona Beach, FL. May 1997. pp. 166-170.

    This paper describes a new technique developed by me to create an index in image databases from the compressed images without uncompressing them. The need for such a technique has been emphasized in the paper that describes the QBIC system and that was published in September 1995 in IEEE Computer. I am currently working on more experiments that will be reported in a journal article.

  8. S.K. Bhatia and C.L. Sabharwal. ``Near Perfect Hash Table for Image Databases.'' In K.M. George, et. al., (eds.), SAC-96: ACM Symposium on Applied Computing. Philadelphia, PA. February 1996. pp. 442-446.

    This paper proposes the idea of a hash table that is dynamically modifiable under certain constraints. Different algorithms to insert, delete, and update entries in the hash table structure are described.

  9. V. Lakshminarayanan, S. Bhatia, G. Welland, and A. Samal. ``Human Face Recognition using Wavelets.'' In Vision Science and its Applications: Technical Digest (vol. 1), Santa Fe, NM. February 1995. pp. 167-170.

    This paper describes the preliminary results from the psychophysical experiment conducted by us to determine the capabilities of human perception to recognize human faces in degraded images. An expanded version of this paper was subsequently published as a journal article.

  10. S. K. Bhatia and Q. Yao. ``Analyzing Interval-Valued Repertory Grids.'' In J. W. Brahan and G. E. Lasker (eds.), Advances in Artificial Intelligence -- Theory and Applications, (vol. 2). International Institute for Advanced Studies in Systems Research and Cybernetics, Baden-Baden, Germany. August 1994. pp. 13-18.

    Conventional repertory grids are determined by asking the interviewee to specify an integral-valued rating of an entity on a concept. We relaxed the restriction such that the interviewee can specify the rating as an interval to capture the uncertainty in his/her thinking patterns. In this paper, we proposed an analysis method to develop a concept dependence tree from the elicited interval-valued ratings.

  11. S. K. Bhatia and C. L. Sabharwal. ``A Fast Perfect Hash Function for Image Databases.'' In F. D. Anger, et al. (eds.), Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Industrial and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems, Austin, TX. June 1994. pp. 337-346.

    This paper described the effects of adding a new heuristic to the ones we had developed in an earlier paper. The new heuristic allowed for negative associated values for symbolic objects.

    An expanded version of this paper was subsequently published in Pattern Recognition.

  12. S. K. Bhatia and Q. Yao. ``A New Approach to Knowledge Acquisition by Repertory Grids.'' In B. Bhargava, et. al. (eds.), CIKM 93: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, Washington, D.C. November 1993. ACM Press, pp. 738-740.
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    In this paper, we proposed the idea of using interval-valued repertory grids. The grids were analyzed by adapting a standard analysis technique to interval values. The technique was subsequently refined and published in the paper presented in Baden Baden, 1994.

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