First Half: Performance   Top Level   Basic Circuits   RAM/ROM   Cache   Ext Memory   I/O   OS  
Second Half: Math   Assembly   CPU    Parallelism   

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1. Performance Issues
• measurement of quality
• clock speed
• MIPS = million instr per second
• actual load and SPEC benchmark
• Amdahl's law for parallelism
• averaging measures
• arithmetic mean
• geometric mean
• harmonic mean
2. Top Level View
• basic instruction cycle
• interrupts
• need for busses
• typical lines in a bus
• imultiplexed bus lines
3. Basic Circuits
• basic gates and symbols
• AND
• OR
• NOT
• NOR
• NAND
• adder
• multiplexer and demultiplexer
• coder and decoder
• sequential circuits; memory
• SR and D flip-flops
4. RAM and ROM
• static vs. dynamic RAM
• types of RAM
• original ROM
• PROM
• EPROM and EEPROM
• flash memory
• addressing logic; picture on pg. 171
• idea of error correction
5. Cache
• memory hierarchy
• cache lines and memory blocks
• cache design
• mapping functions
• direct mapping
• fully associative mapping
• n-way set associative mapping
• division of mem addresses into offset/set/tag
• replacement algorithm; LRU
• dirty pages vs. clean pages
• separate I and D caches
6. External Memory
• disk drive
• magnetic regions: which direction
• tracks and sectors
• access time factors
• RAID
• motivation
• know raid 0, 1, and 5
• trade-offs
• optical memory
• portable
• reflective pits
• spiral path; hard to directly seek
• tape
• long strip coated with magnetic particles
• serpentine recording
• no random access; sequential access only
• slow
• used mostly for backups
7. Input and Output
• communication mediated by 'device controller'
• CPU sees controller as location or 'registers'
• could be in the regular memory space or I/O space
• 3 programming modes
• programmed I/O; uses busy waiting
• interrupt-driven I/O
  CPU continues with work; controller interrupts when byte ready
• DMA = direct memory access
  controller understands how to address memory
  controller interrupts CPU when entire block tranfered
8. Operating System Services
• manager of user/machine interface
• manager of computer resources
• batch vs. interactive
• uniprogramming vs. multiprogramming
• scheduling: long-term vs. short-term
• memory management: swaping and paging
• virtual memory

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9. Computer Math
• integer formats
• endianess
• integer operations
• floating point format (I will tell you sizes if needed)
• diff between Reals and Floating Point
• floating point math algorithms
10. Assembly Language
• types of machine operations
• fixed-size vs variable-size
• addressing modes
• translation of high-level to assembly
  (instruction sets supplied if needed)
11. CPU Organization
• data flow paths
• special registers: MAR, MDR, PC, IR
• RISC vs CISC
• pipelining
• pipeline problems/solutions
• super-pipelined/super-scalar
12. Parallel Processing
• motivation
• Flynn hierarchy
• multe-core
• multi-processor machines
• cache coherence
• NUMA
• clusters